In comparison to sitagliptin, semaglutide has been shown to significantly reduce the 12-month risk of cognitive deficits, dementia, and epilepsy.[63] In PCOS, a meta-analysis indicated that exenatide and liraglutide exhibit stronger effects on insulin sensitivity and BMI reduction than metformin.[71] A 24-week study found that exenatide led to a significantly higher rate of spontaneous pregnancies and more regular menstrual cycles compared to metformin.[72] Although rapid weight loss in some contexts is associated with an increased risk of frailty fractures, GLP-1RAs may mitigate this effect.[73, 74] Both exenatide and dulaglutide were found to increase bone mineral density, while lixisenatide and liraglutide were associated with a reduced risk of fractures, suggesting differential effects of GLP-1RAs on bone metabolism.[74] OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Side effects and adverse events related to GLP1-RAs While GLP-1RAs are credited with a growing list of health benefits, they have also been associated with a wide variety of adverse effects that may vary among agents.[6, 21] Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mild tachycardia, and injection site reactions.[75] A pooled analysis of 33 clinical trials (n=13,548) found an increased risk of treatment discontinuation due to gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting.[6] Potential adverse events include pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, and dehydration.[76] Rodent studies and one observational study in humans have raised concerns about GLP-1RAs impact on thyroid cancer risk
Molto raramente stata osservata la comparsa di reazioni avverse gastrointestinali
The most frequently reported adverse effects of Saxenda relate to the gastrointestinal system, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation
In 1907, Metchnikoff published that aging starts in the microbiome
For deeper compound-specific guides, see the PT-141 protocol and the afamelanotide protocol
